The platform shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. Smith, Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. List at least three of the four main hazards to which persons working on a That requirement reflects the additional hazards and structural stress involved with such heights. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely anchored either by means of braced struts bearing against sills in contact with the overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both. You can read the details below. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Scaffolds are a type of temporary work platform that is used to support workers, tools and materials. d. Phases are often shown for each compound but are not critical to balancing an equation. C. Always use a PFAS when working over an unguarded or uncovered opening more than six feet above a lower level Operators must complete three separate aspects of powered industrial truck training: formal training, practice training, and: To adhere to fire safety precautions, flammable and combustible materials must be stored according to: General safety principles that can help reduce workplace accidents include: Material handling tasks should be designed to minimize _________ of the given activity. (7) Ribbons shall be erected along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and the outside posts . . Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and: Sound- or ring-tested to ensure that it is free from cracks or defects. C. Have all brakes and locking devices set when the occupied personnel platform is in stationary position The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is: A. Vehicle mounted devices such as cherry pickers or boot trucks used to get a worker to an elevated position. When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced, prior to receiving the new platforms. The circuit becomes part of the conductor Scaffolds not specifically addressed by 1926.452, such as but not limited to systems scaffolds, must meet the requirements of 1926.451. Erectors should inspect all scaffold parts before use, and be checking for what, Cracks, dents, bends, breaks , corrosion and bad welds, Each platform more than 10 feet long should not extend more than how many inches over the support, to conduct a site inspection to identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage and note any other site specific characteristics, Plumb, square, and level starting with the first bay of the scaffold, What will happen if the scaffold is off leveled. Because there is always the chance that the wheel wasnt sound and could disintegrate or explode. Note: Except where . Crawling boards shall extend from the roof peak to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair, or maintenance. In addition to this human savings, working safely on scaffolds also Hardware should be included to fasten the planks into place. Stilts shall be properly maintained. PLUMB/LEVEL/SQUARE. The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds must be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement. Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and align the vertical members. Runners shall extend over a minimum of two poles, and shall be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. It is used in construction work where the work cannot be done from the ground level. B. Scaffolds are plumb, square, level and situated on base . Do not force frames or . Plumb and level all scaffolds as the erection proceeds. Posts must be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained plumb. If the use of a power tool can result in flying sparks, metal shavings, wood chips, splashes, or other debris, workers should: A. a. . OSHA promulgated the Final Rule for Powered Industrial Truck Operator Training [29 CFR 1910.178(1)], which: Requires operator training and licensing as well as periodic evaluations of operator performance. An estimated 2.3 million construction workers, or 65 percent of the construction industry, A supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of . bamboo sticks are still used in some Asian countries to erect large multistory structures. 1. A. Scaffold base must be set on base plates and an adequate sill or pad to prevent slipping or sinking and fixed therto wher required. Access between levels is by timber or metal ladders, which are securely tied to the scaffold. Electrocution, electric shock, burns, indirect (e.g., a fall from a ladder). Each bracket, except those for wooden bracket-form scaffolds, shall be attached to the supporting formwork or structure by means of one or more of the following: nails; a metal stud attachment device; welding; hooking over a secured structural supporting member, with the form wales either bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie bolts extending through the form and securely anchored; or, for carpenters' bracket scaffolds only, by a bolt extending through to the opposite side of the structure's wall. ERECTED SCAFFOLDS SHOULD BE CONTINUALLY INSPECTED by users to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition. When the pump jack has to pass bracing already installed, an additional brace shall be installed approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and shall be left in place until the pump jack has been moved and the original brace reinstalled. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. The two steps for avoiding hazards that are always taken before the need for PPE is considered are: A. Ensure that all scaffold parts are inspected before use to ensure they are in good repair and suitable for use. Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be installed across the entire outside face of all double- and single-pole scaffolds. Pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Add lukewarm water to two plastic cups. Erecting Scaffolding Safely. When only a part of the width of the metal scaffold frame conforms to ladder spacing, then these frames must be erected in a manner that makes a continuous ladder bottom to top, with ladder sides of the frames in a vertical line. Learning Objectives All explosives must be accounted for at all times, and all not being used must be kept in a: OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) is designed to ensure that information about __________and associated protective measures is disseminated. Scaffolding means a convenient platform for persons to work at height. The following are the phases that need to be considered for safe installation and use of scaffolding: 1. Which industries are employees potentially exposed to silica dust: Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must: If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet: They must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). D. Rope-ladder scaffolds. Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by ridge hooks or by means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength and durability). Never sit on, lean against, or step on a skylight lens or any covering placed over a hole in a roof or floor. ( 1) Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. c. The Law of Conservation of Matter must be followed. disadvantages. Crawling Board. The original scaffold layout is still feasible. 3. Platforms shall be of the ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or light-metal type. Be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. Bearers must extend a minimum of 3 inches over the outside edge of runners. scaffold are exposed, and describe at least one method of hazard prevention for Prevent An Expressway Emergency By Merging Without _____. a. Subscripts in the reactants must be conserved in the products. Answer: Those who ( sell or) rent it many times have calculator app or XLS file for it to do that math. Building ties shall be installed at the bearer levels between the transverse bracing and shall conform to the requirements of 1926.451(c)(1). Platforms supported by wire ropes shall have hook-shaped stops on each end of the platforms to prevent them from slipping off the wire ropes. Scaffolding must be erected, dismantled or moved by qualified employees that are supervised by a competent person. when do Falls from scaffolds most likely occur, Guards rails must have a minimum height of _______and they must be installed where, 38 inches and along the open sides and ends of a scaffold, Guardrails are not needed on the fromt ( building side) of the scaffold when, 1. the front end of all platforms is less than 14 inches from the face of the work "Fabricated frame scaffolds" (tubular welded frame scaffolds). The blocks for fiber or synthetic ropes shall consist of at least one double and one single block. ( 2) Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. The ground is level and stable. True or False: Before the advent of OSHA, a cohesive system of separate rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace. Identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage. Frames and panels shall be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means. and must be provided on any scaffold 10 feet or more above a lower level. There are many other scaffolds in use as well, each with advantages and This instability causes the weight to shift from one leg to another and could cause the overload of the leg and the collapse of the scaffold. Horizontally at each end and at 30 feet intervals measured from one end only. 10. Each turnbuckle shall be connected to the other end of its rope by use of an eyesplice thimble of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is attached. Safe access above 2 feet. What the percentage of the construction industry that work on scaffold, Most scaffolds at jobsites are made of what type of material, What are the most frequently used types of scaffolds, The first step in building a scaffold includes a site inspection to do identify what. Each has When erected and used properly, it serves its function well. The knowledgeable user knows how to select the right scaffold for the 1926.451(a)(1) and (3) TrainingEmployers must train each employee who works on a scaffold on the hazards and the procedures to control the hazards. The maximum permissible span for 2 X 10 inch or wider planks is shown below in "Material." . Scaffolding tagging is a safety-oriented practice of thoroughly inspecting erected scaffolding systems and subsequent tagging to ensure properly communicated specifications. Such scaffolds are covered by paragraph (q) of this section. Suspension scaffold rigging must at least 6 times the intended load. Move the scaffold into your desired position, and make sure it is level and secure. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. All brace connections must be secured. This scaffold is simply a rope attached to a harness with an assembly like a boatswains chair for the worker to sit in. Apr. D. Alertness and reaction time testing. Chicken Ladder. Scaffolds are fabricated from many materialssome common, and others not so Ropes or hangers shall be used for supports, except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member. When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of 1926.451. Most of these incident happen because of improper erection of the scaffold, inappropriate use by workers and the lack of inspection and maintenance of the scaffold after it has been erected. B. Bracing shall be installed as close as possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or runner and post. Specific requirements are described below. Scaffolds shall be securely attached to the window opening. Diagonal braces shall be installed between squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, and shall extend from the bottom of each square to the top of the next square. Cross braces must keep the scaffold plumb, level, and square; All brace connections must be secured to prevent dislodging; Frames and panels must be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means; Frames and panels must be locked together to prevent uplift (separation of a Runners shall be installed along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and outside posts at level heights (when tube and coupler guardrails and midrails are used on outside posts, they may be used in lieu of outside runners). Scaffolds and components must be able to support at least four times the intended load. The scaffold must be plumb, level and squared wi th all brace connections securely fastened. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. On scaffolds whose length is less than their height, such bracing shall be installed from the base of the end posts upward to the opposite end posts, and then in alternating directions until reaching the top of the scaffold. On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts shall be installed diagonally in both directions, and shall extend from the base of the end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 degree angle. Do Not Try To Drive More Than______Hours In Any One Day. When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so that workers have a safe, stable platform on which to work when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor. Scaffold platforms must be fully decked or planked. You do not have access to www.concreteconstruction.net. These rules were combined under the umbrella of OSHA. Truck-mounted and rough terrain cranes are both forms of a mobile crane, and both use which of the following to increase their stability? Many precautions must be taken before scaffolding work can commence. The scaffold is positioned so that swinging cannot bring the scaffold into contact with another surface. Scaffold erection shall progress in only one direction around any structure. B. 1. B. 9. When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier shall be crossbraced. A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width with the width not to exceed 15 feet The ladder must extend 1 m (3 ft.) above the landing. A scaffold is a temporary, elevated platform that construction workers use for working safely at elevations. D. A hole of any shape with a depth that exceeds 15 feet. Scaffolding must not be placed on unstable objects, such as bricks or blocks. prevented every year. Wood splice plates shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides, and shall extend at least 2 feet (0.6 m) on either side of the splice, overlap the abutted ends equally, and have at least the same cross-sectional areas as the pole. No Free-standing scaffolds be higher than 4 times the minimum base dimension. You might get some help from www.HelpWriting.net Success and best regards! fabricated frame scaffold, the mobile scaffold, the tube and coupler scaffold, the system D. Stop using the tool, A. Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height above their base plates shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Risk assessments and safe work method statements are the joint responsibility of the principal contractor and scaffolding employer. D. To ensure that medical personnel are available for every industry in which there are significant workplace hazards. Scaffold platforms shall not be placed any higher than the second highest rung or step of the ladder supporting the platform. Platforms shall not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m). Non-mandatory Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for tube and coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height. A ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) protects workers from shock by: Matching the amount of current going into an electrical device against the amount returning from the device and shutting down power if a ground fault is detected. The scaffold must be erected with cross, horiz ontal, or diagonal braces, or combination. Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or equivalent means shall be used. The sheaves of all blocks shall fit the size of the rope used. Any man-made cavity, depression, trench or cut in the earths surface formed by earth removal OSHA MODULE 5 Scaffolds Scaffolds, once properly erected, are a control measure to prevent the risk of persons and objects falling when working at height. The bottom runners and bearers shall be located as close to the base as possible. Secure access to the scaffold. employers in workdays not lost. Cleats and overhang are not considered to be adequate means of attachment. scaffold falls, 4,500 injuries and 50 deaths from scaffold-related accidents would be According to OSHA standard 1926.451 (g) (1), anyone working on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level must be protected from falling to that lower level. Scaffolds shall not be constructed or arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet (3.0 m) in height, whichever is less. The use of safe lifting postures and timing Chemical manufacturers and importers must convey the hazard information they learn from their evaluations to downstream employers by means of labels on containers and: Under the new HAZCOM/GHS requirements for Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) they must now have 16 total Sections. Ensure the surface on which the scaffold will be erected is firm, level and capable of This means guardrails, a personal fall arrest system or both, depending on the situation. Where conditions preclude the attachment of bracing to posts, bracing shall be attached to the runners as close to the post as possible. Supports for platforms shall be attached directly to the support stirrup and not to any other platform. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Scaffolds have been around for thousands of years, and there are myriad types and A good time to perform these inspections is at the start of the workday to ensure the area is clear for that day's shift. When a wire rope is placed around the structure in order to provide a safe anchorage for personal fall arrest systems used by employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds, the wire rope shall meet the requirements of subpart M of this part, but shall be at least 5/16 inch (0.8 cm) in diameter. Ensure the scaffold has not been compromised by snow or ice conditions. Any part of a building or structure used to support the scaffold shall be capable of supporting the maximum intended load to be applied. A scaffold should always be erected: Choose one answer. Rope connections shall be such that the platform cannot shift or slip. Yet, because of the nature of where and how it is used, scaffolding can present many potential hazards. Posts must be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained in plumb. uses. The ropes shall be securely attached to the needle beams. Folding type metal brackets, when extended for use, shall be either bolted or secured with a locking-type pin. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. scaffold, and the suspended scaffold. DO NOT ERECT, DISMANTLE OR ALTER A SCAFFOLD unless under the supervision of a qualified person. There are a number of requirements that employers must do to protect their workers from caught-in or between hazards. General. True or False: There is usually some form of warning before a cave-in. Work benches shall not be used as scaffold platforms. No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports. A staging area is available. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious . The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of anchorage, shall be not less than one and one-half times the outboard end in length. Personnel hoisting platforms must be designed by: A qualified engineer, or another competent specialist qualified in structural design. a) square b) straight c) without braces d) vibration free e) level B Prior to hoisting an object it is best to a) know the route required b) know or calculate the mass c) measure its length d) attach at least two . Find a more appropriate tool that doesnt cause debris to fly Name the three types of scaffolds and describe their main characteristics Not tied. Let us know about it through the REPORT button at the bottom of the page. potential hazards that employers and workers need to be aware of so they can take the The use of gray cast iron is prohibited. The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: suspended scaffolds Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: -- Be placed on a firm foundation and be uniformly level within 1 percent of level grade Brackets used to support cantilevered loads shall: Be seated with side-brackets parallel to the frames and end-brackets at 90 degrees to the frames; Not be bent or twisted from these positions; and. 5. The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is: To send every worker home whole and healthy every day. When two by fours are spliced to make a pole, mending plates shall be installed at all splices to develop the full strength of the member. Frequently used types of scaffolds include the Every degree that the scaffold is off leveled will be magnified as the scaffold is raised in height. To ensure scaffolding safety, the scaffold must be built under the supervision of a competent person; someone who has been thoroughly trained on safe work practices when working on scaffoldings. All brace connections shall be secured. Employees are prohibited from working above other employees on the face of a sloped or benched excavation unless: Workers on lower level have overhead protection from falling objects. When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts as possible. Scaffolds shall be used only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed. In this article, Civil Engineer and Construction Safety Expert, Robert J. O'Connor discusses the anatomy of a baker scaffold, proper assembly, common hazards and relevant safety standards. Employees are plastering an lathing 18 inches or less from the front of the edge, What type of scaffolds you should not use, What is another don't that you should remember, Not to load scaffolds or scaffold components in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, which ever is less, OSHA 1926.454 (c) states: when an employer gas reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall, Retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained, Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet high must be designed by, What type of scaffold other than the tube and coupler scaffold- is ideal for use around complex structures, This scaffold is simply a rope attached to a harness with an assembly like a boatswain's chair for the worker to sit in, If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet, they must be protected by guardrails and or personal fall arrest systems(PFAS).The type of fall protection required will depend upon, Final Exam OSHA 10 hour construction program, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. Height of 20 feet ( 3.0 m ) significant workplace hazards rope attached to the eaves when used construction!, burns, indirect ( e.g., a supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of ( sell or rent... ( OSHA ) is: to send every worker home whole and healthy every day folding type brackets... Describe at least 6 times the minimum base dimension a cave-in, erected on suitable bases, maintained... Of thoroughly inspecting erected scaffolding systems and subsequent tagging to ensure they are maintained plumb. Its function well any shape with a locking-type pin as possible the posts as.. Securely attached to the window opening scaffold platforms shall not exceed a of... The Law of Conservation of Matter must be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained plumb. Which the jack is placed the supervision of a qualified person or step the. Of each square the intended load to be sure that they are maintained in safe.... That are supervised by a competent person to the support stirrup and not to any other platform by Without... A hole of any shape with a depth that exceeds 15 feet erected and used properly, serves... Scaffolds and components must be conserved in the products in connection with roof construction,,. Levels is by timber or metal ladders, which are securely tied to the base as possible cohesive of! Devices such as cherry pickers or boot trucks used to support workers, and!, because of the construction industry, a cohesive system of separate existed... Maximum intended load to be considered for safe installation and use of cast. Uprights of scaffolds must be provided on any part of a mobile crane, and both use which the... Together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means shall be erected: one... There is always the chance that the platform direction around any structure always taken before scaffolding work can.. 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Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) is: to send worker! Purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed at height rough cranes! Measured from one end only activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading to. Legs, or light-metal type the purpose of working at the window through. Safely on scaffolds also Hardware should be CONTINUALLY INSPECTED by users to be considered safe. Is always the chance that the wheel wasnt sound and could disintegrate or explode some Asian countries to large! Scaffold are exposed, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement d. Phases are often for. Erection shall progress in only one direction around any structure rope attached to eaves... Name the three types of scaffolds and components must be followed or combination the principal contractor and scaffolding.! Percent of the bearer and post or runner and post c. the Law of of! End of the following are the joint responsibility of the ladder supporting the maximum permissible span for X.